面向对象
Common Lisp通过几十年的面向对象编程的推进。但是,面向对象被并入是在它最后一阶段。
类的定义
defclass宏允许创建用户定义的类。它建立了一个类作为数据类型。它的语法如下:
(DEFCLASS class\-name (superclass\-name\*)
(slot\-description\*)
class\-option\*)
插槽是存储数据变量或字段。
slot-description形式(插槽名称插槽选项*),其中每个选项是一个关键字后跟一个名字,表达式和其他选项。最常用的槽选项是:
:accessor 函数名称
:initform 表达式
:initarg 符号
例如,让我们定义一个Box类,有三个槽的长度,广度和高度。
(defclass Box () (length
breadth
height))
提供访问和读/写控制到一个插槽
除非有插槽可以访问,读取或写入的值,类是好看不中用。
当定义一个类可以为每个插槽指定访问。例如,把我们的Box类:
(defclass Box ()
((length :accessor length)
(breadth :accessor breadth)
(height :accessor height)))
也可以读取和写入一个插槽指定单独的访问器的名称。
(defclass Box ()
((length :reader get\-length :writer set\-length)
(breadth :reader get\-breadth :writer set\-breadth)
(height :reader get\-height :writer set\-height)))
类创建实例
通用函数make-instance创建并返回一个类的新实例。
它的语法如下:
(make\-instance class {initarg value}\*)
示例
让我们创建一个Box类,有三个插槽,长度,宽度和高度。我们将使用三个插槽存取到这些字段设置的值。
创建一个名为main.lisp一个新的源代码文件,并在其中输入如下代码:
(defclass box () ((length :accessor box\-length)
(breadth :accessor box\-breadth) (height :accessor box\-height)))
(setf item (make\-instance 'box))
(setf (box-length item) 10)
(setf (box-breadth item) 10)
(setf (box-height item) 5)
(format t "Length of the Box is ~d~%" (box-length item))
(format t "Breadth of the Box is ~d~%" (box-breadth item))
(format t "Height of the Box is ~d~%" (box-height item))
当执行代码,它返回以下结果:
Length of the Box is 10 Breadth of the Box is 10 Height of the Box is 5
定义一个类的方法
defmethod宏允许在类中定义一个方法。下面的示例扩展Box类包含一个方法名为volume。
创建一个名为main.lisp一个新的源代码文件,并在其中输入如下代码:
(defclass box () ((length :accessor box\-length)
(breadth :accessor box\-breadth)
(height :accessor box\-height)
(volume :reader volume))) ; method calculating volume
(defmethod volume ((object box)) (\* (box\-length object)
(box\-breadth object)(box\-height object))) ;
setting the values (setf item (make\-instance 'box))
(setf (box-length item) 10)
(setf (box-breadth item) 10)
(setf (box-height item) 5)
; displaying values
(format t "Length of the Box is ~d~%" (box-length item))
(format t "Breadth of the Box is ~d~%" (box-breadth item))
(format t "Height of the Box is ~d~%" (box-height item))
(format t "Volume of the Box is ~d~%" (volume item))
当执行代码,它返回以下结果:
Length of the Box is 10
Breadth of the Box is 10
Height of the Box is 5
Volume of the Box is 500
继承
LISP允许在另一个对象来定义一个对象。这就是所谓的继承。可以通过添加功能,新的或不同的创建派生类。派生类继承了父类的功能。
下面的例子说明了这一点:
创建一个名为main.lisp一个新的源代码文件,并在其中输入如下代码:
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(defclass box () ((length :accessor box\-length)
(breadth :accessor box\-breadth)
(height :accessor box\-height)
(volume :reader volume))) ;
method calculating volume (defmethod volume ((object box))
(\* (box\-length object) (box\-breadth object)(box\-height object))) ;
wooden\-box class inherits the box class (defclass wooden\-box (box)
((price :accessor box\-price))) ;setting the values
(setf item (make\-instance 'wooden-box))
(setf (box-length item) 10)
(setf (box-breadth item) 10)
(setf (box-height item) 5)
(setf (box-price item) 1000)
; displaying values
(format t "Length of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-length item))
(format t "Breadth of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-breadth item))
(format t "Height of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-height item))
(format t "Volume of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (volume item))
(format t "Price of the Wooden Box is ~d~%" (box-price item))
当执行代码,它返回以下结果:
Length of the Wooden Box is 10
Breadth of the Wooden Box is 10
Height of the Wooden Box is 5
Volume of the Wooden Box is 500
Price of the Wooden Box is 1000